Peran Mediterranean Diet dalam Mencegah Progresivitas Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) pada Pasien Hipertensi: Literature Review
Keywords:
hipertensi, mediterranean diet, progresivitas chronic kidney disease (CKD)Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease merupakan masalah kesehatan global yang terus meningkat. Intervensi nutrisi khusus Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) berpotensi menjadi strategi nonfarmakologi untuk mencegah progresivitas CKD melalui perbaikan faktor risiko kardiometabolik dan fungsi ginjal. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis peran MedDiet dalam mencegah risiko dan memperlambat CKD pada hipertensi. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain literature review terhadap 23 artikel tahun 2017 hingga 2026 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Analisis dilakukan dengan mensintesis temuan terkait hubungan MedDiet dengan risiko CKD, progresivitas penyakit, fungsi ginjal dan faktor diet yang meningkatkan risiko serta mekanisme biologis. Hasil review menunjukkan bahwa kepatuhan tinggi terhadap MedDiet berhubungan dengan penurunan risiko CKD sebesar 16% (HR=0.84; 95% CI: 0.76-0.93), sedangkan DASH menurunkan risiko hingga 23%. Diet berbasis tumbuhan menurunkan risiko CKD sebesar 14% (HR=0.86; 95% CI: 0.78-0.96) dan memperlambat penurunan eGFR (HR= 0.90; 95% CI: 0.82-0.99). Sebaliknya konsumsi daging merah meningkatkan risiko CKD sebesar 73% (OR=1.73; 95% CI 1.33-2.24) dan asupan natrium tinggi meningkatkan risiko hampir empat kali lipat (OR=3.91). Pada studi metabolomik dan proteomik mengidentifikasi perubahan metabolit dan protein yang berhubungan dengan progresivitas CKD. MedDiet dan diet berbasis tumbuhan secara konsisten berhubungan dengan penurunan risiko dan memperlambat progresivitas CKD, sehingga berpotensi menjadi strategi nutrisi efektif dalam pencegahan serta pengelolaan penyakit ginjal kronik.
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